Sabtu, 01 Oktober 2016
Software development (Software)
concept Software
Software (software) is an abstract device which is the main part other than the hardware of the computer system. Without a software, the computer is an electronic junk, which is not useful at all. Computer hardware will be "live" and have a function if used together with its software.
The most primitive form of the software is to use Boolean algebra, which is represented in binary digits (bits), which is 1 (true / on) or 0 (false / off), which are then grouped into 4-bit (nible), 8-bit (byte), 16-bit (word), 32-bit (double word), 64-bit, and so on. From the bottom of the binary number that is an assembler program was established to create other software. So the software that exists today the concept is essentially formed from a binary code which is then packed in a machine language (machine language), assembler language, C, and so on, to be the software that is easily exploited by computer users ,
Evolution Software
Evolution software is broadly divided into an era before the advent of computers and after the advent of computers.
• The era of software before their computers to differentiate into two eras, namely:
- The era of primitive (+ 300 BC), in which the software is made by performing these simple guidelines using codes similar motion semaphore.
- Mechanical Era (1840s - 1930s) is applied to the user equipment and the Analytical Engine plong card machine (punch card).
• While the software after the era of the computer means using electronic technology can be divided into:
- Pioneer Era (1940 - 1960), is still a form of software conn cable connections to the computer and shaped cross-section of the punch card (plong). Other characteristics of the pioneer era are still using clustered process (batch), limited distribution, and produced for special purposes.
- Stable Era (1960-1980), has been mass produced computer and software can run multiple processes serampak function (multitasking). Other features that can be used to solve many users (multi-user) quickly and directly (real time), software products can be used independently, are already using the system database.
- Micro Era (1980 -1990), the software produced for the needs of computer networks (networking) and dispersed (distributed), the price is cheap so it is widely used for personal kebutan (home), is automation for artificial intelligence (artifical intelligent).
- Modern Era (1990 -?), Has the characteristics of a software-based multimedia, desktop and portable, object technology, expert systems, parallel processing, and can communicate global network.
Operating System Software
Type of computer software is divided into software operating systems and applications. Software applications such as programming languages, application software program, software application package, software utilities, as well as games and multimedia software. System software (operating system / OS) has two main functions, namely: Management of the entire computer system resources (resource manager). Managing all the resources contained in the computer system whether physical such as monitors, processors, and so on, and non-physical (abstract) that data and programs. The operating system as a service provider (extended / virtual machine), the operating system provides a set of services (called the system call) to the user, making it easier and soothes the use and utilization of computer system resources. ie operating system provides a set of services (called the system call) to the user, making it easier and soothes the use and utilization of computer system resources.
I. UNIX
1969 UNIX was born on a PDP-7, 1971 UNIX Version 1, on a DEC PDP-11/20, 1973 UNIX Version 4, in C language, formed a group PWB (Programmer's Workbench) and USG (UNIX Suport Group), 1974 UNIX Version 5, for education in 1975, UNIX version 6, distributed to R & D University appeared versions of BSD (Berkeley Software Distributions), 1979 UNIX version 7, portable and comes with a C compiler and Bourne Shell 1982 UNIX System III, Joint PWB and USG, 1983 UNIX System V, written version of BSD, like vi and C shell. Subsequent developments which until now still dominate the use of the operating system UNIX descent is by issuing:
Digital UNIX, HP-UX, IBM AIX, Sun Solaris, and others. While that is Proprietary (eg: DIGITAL OpenVMS, IBM OS / 400, SGI IRIX, and others).
II. LINUX
Linux is a program (operating system) a free open source under the GNU license, the system operates at 32-64 bits, which is a derivative of UNIX and can run on a variety of hardware platforms ranging from Intel (x86) to a RISC processor. GNU (GNU's Not Unix, GNU's not Unix).
Some of the reasons that make the Linux operating system is very popular at the moment is:
• Can be obtained free of charge, and are supported for pengembanan freely on the internet by anyone. Compare the price of Microsoft's software, windows eg exorbitant price.
• Features more complete, with display windows-oriented (GUI) so it's easier to use (user friendly).
• Runs on various platforms, including Intel.
• In Support software programs and utilities are more complete.
• Can interoperate well with other operating systems, including Apple, Microsoft and Novell.
• multi-user, multi-tasking, and internet base.
• network security systems and better data.
• Walk on the system architecture 16/32-bit.
• Many variants of Linux, so that we can freely choose.
• Because it is a free operating system and support the fans linux,
linux is growing very rapidly especially nations in developed countries such as Europe almost most utilizing Linux than Windows.
Linux was sendiridimulai history in 1991, when the students of the University of Helsinki, Finland called Linus Benedict Torvalds wrote Linux, a kernel for the 80386 processor, 32-bit processor intel CPU first in a collection that is suitable for PC.
Logo Linux is used or penguin Tux, the penguin as the logo used Torvald's story while strolling with his partner Andrew Tridgell (samba composer, a program that allows a UNIX machine including windows linux communicate with a network), suddenly Torvald pegged pingun and since then he had a fever for days. He thought that it was a suitable character
to represent Linux.
Linux can be found in a variety of distribution (often called distributions). Distro is a bundle of the Linux kernel, along with a basic Linux system, the installation program, basic tools, and other programs that are useful in accordance with the purpose of making distributions. There are so many Linux distributions, including: RedHat, Debian, Slackware, SuSE, Mandrake, WinLinux, Caldera, Turbo Linux and many other distros that are already available or will appear.
• Other Operating Systems
Actually there are many other operating systems exist, but less popular
rather than as above. Eg OS / 360 is used on IBM mainframe in 1964, CP / M (Control Program / Microprocessor) for computer bits, DOS (Disk Operating System) of IBM who later adopted Microsoft, Symbian, Novell Netware, Macintosh GUI-based first to Apple computers, and so on.
Application Software
Programming language. The programming language is the language used to program a computer, which is divided into three levels, namely language:
• low-level language (low level language), an example of machine language (machine language)
• intermediate level language (middle level language) example Assembler
• high-level language (high level language) example Pascal, C, Fortran, COBOL, BASIC, then yangberbasis XBase language, Visual, .NET, etc.
Application Package. Is a software application is a package with a special purpose. such as MS-Word, MS-Excel, Corel Draw, PhotoShop, and much more.
classification of Computers
I. Use of Computer Based Interest
Special-purpose Computer is a type of computer designed and used for the purposes of application to the specific problems that are usually only in the form of a single issue. Special-purpose Computer is a type of computer designed and used for the purposes of application to the specific problems that are usually only in the form of a single issue.
• General-Purpose Computer
used to solve various problems. Can be used to complete the program are manifold and different types of problems such as for word processing, graphics, games etc. Which include the type of computer is a digital computer PC (Personal Computer) that we use at home, office, or school. But there is also a kind of analog computers that are categorized as general-purpose.
II. Computer Based on the data processed
• Analog Computer. Used to process data that are sustainable and not the data is numeric, but in a physical form such as electric current, temperature, velocity, pressure, and so on. Excess analog computer is its ability to receive data in physical quantities and can directly measure the data without having to be converted first, so the process is faster. The output is usually in the form of a graph or dial shape. Examples of current scale in the form of electrical signals graphic images.
Digital Computer. Data in digital computer in the form of numbers or letters. Computers of this type typically used for business and engineering applications, such as PC computers commonly used by people. The advantages of digital computers are: Process data is more precise than an analog computer. Can store data for as long as required by the process. Can perform logic operations. The data that has been entered can be corrected and deleted. The resulting output can be a number, letter, graphic or image.
• Computer Hybrid.
Computers hybrid is a combination of analog and digital computers. Used in special applications, required computer faster than analog computers and more precise than a digital computer.
III. Computer Based on size and ability
Currently the physical size of the computer rather difficult as a benchmark for the ability or capacity. Because the size of the micro or even notebook computers today can exceed the capabilities of a mini-computer that existed around 1970. But we can do a comparison during the same generation. In addition to the physical form, the ability of the measured usually indicated on the capacity of the memory, the storage capacity of storage (hard drive), and the ability of the processor speed, as well as the physical size of the computer itself. For that differentiated into supercomputer (super computer), Computer Large (large computers), Computer Intermediate (midle computer), Small Computer (Small Computer), Computer Mini (mini computer), and Micro Computer (micro computer). The larger the size of the computer will be even greater amounts of memory, storage capacity, and the number of processors.
concept Software
Software (software) is an abstract device which is the main part other than the hardware of the computer system. Without a software, the computer is an electronic junk, which is not useful at all. Computer hardware will be "live" and have a function if used together with its software.
The most primitive form of the software is to use Boolean algebra, which is represented in binary digits (bits), which is 1 (true / on) or 0 (false / off), which are then grouped into 4-bit (nible), 8-bit (byte), 16-bit (word), 32-bit (double word), 64-bit, and so on. From the bottom of the binary number that is an assembler program was established to create other software. So the software that exists today the concept is essentially formed from a binary code which is then packed in a machine language (machine language), assembler language, C, and so on, to be the software that is easily exploited by computer users ,
Evolution Software
Evolution software is broadly divided into an era before the advent of computers and after the advent of computers.
• The era of software before their computers to differentiate into two eras, namely:
- The era of primitive (+ 300 BC), in which the software is made by performing these simple guidelines using codes similar motion semaphore.
- Mechanical Era (1840s - 1930s) is applied to the user equipment and the Analytical Engine plong card machine (punch card).
• While the software after the era of the computer means using electronic technology can be divided into:
- Pioneer Era (1940 - 1960), is still a form of software conn cable connections to the computer and shaped cross-section of the punch card (plong). Other characteristics of the pioneer era are still using clustered process (batch), limited distribution, and produced for special purposes.
- Stable Era (1960-1980), has been mass produced computer and software can run multiple processes serampak function (multitasking). Other features that can be used to solve many users (multi-user) quickly and directly (real time), software products can be used independently, are already using the system database.
- Micro Era (1980 -1990), the software produced for the needs of computer networks (networking) and dispersed (distributed), the price is cheap so it is widely used for personal kebutan (home), is automation for artificial intelligence (artifical intelligent).
- Modern Era (1990 -?), Has the characteristics of a software-based multimedia, desktop and portable, object technology, expert systems, parallel processing, and can communicate global network.
Operating System Software
Type of computer software is divided into software operating systems and applications. Software applications such as programming languages, application software program, software application package, software utilities, as well as games and multimedia software. System software (operating system / OS) has two main functions, namely: Management of the entire computer system resources (resource manager). Managing all the resources contained in the computer system whether physical such as monitors, processors, and so on, and non-physical (abstract) that data and programs. The operating system as a service provider (extended / virtual machine), the operating system provides a set of services (called the system call) to the user, making it easier and soothes the use and utilization of computer system resources. ie operating system provides a set of services (called the system call) to the user, making it easier and soothes the use and utilization of computer system resources.
I. UNIX
1969 UNIX was born on a PDP-7, 1971 UNIX Version 1, on a DEC PDP-11/20, 1973 UNIX Version 4, in C language, formed a group PWB (Programmer's Workbench) and USG (UNIX Suport Group), 1974 UNIX Version 5, for education in 1975, UNIX version 6, distributed to R & D University appeared versions of BSD (Berkeley Software Distributions), 1979 UNIX version 7, portable and comes with a C compiler and Bourne Shell 1982 UNIX System III, Joint PWB and USG, 1983 UNIX System V, written version of BSD, like vi and C shell. Subsequent developments which until now still dominate the use of the operating system UNIX descent is by issuing:
Digital UNIX, HP-UX, IBM AIX, Sun Solaris, and others. While that is Proprietary (eg: DIGITAL OpenVMS, IBM OS / 400, SGI IRIX, and others).
II. LINUX
Linux is a program (operating system) a free open source under the GNU license, the system operates at 32-64 bits, which is a derivative of UNIX and can run on a variety of hardware platforms ranging from Intel (x86) to a RISC processor. GNU (GNU's Not Unix, GNU's not Unix).
Some of the reasons that make the Linux operating system is very popular at the moment is:
• Can be obtained free of charge, and are supported for pengembanan freely on the internet by anyone. Compare the price of Microsoft's software, windows eg exorbitant price.
• Features more complete, with display windows-oriented (GUI) so it's easier to use (user friendly).
• Runs on various platforms, including Intel.
• In Support software programs and utilities are more complete.
• Can interoperate well with other operating systems, including Apple, Microsoft and Novell.
• multi-user, multi-tasking, and internet base.
• network security systems and better data.
• Walk on the system architecture 16/32-bit.
• Many variants of Linux, so that we can freely choose.
• Because it is a free operating system and support the fans linux,
linux is growing very rapidly especially nations in developed countries such as Europe almost most utilizing Linux than Windows.
Linux was sendiridimulai history in 1991, when the students of the University of Helsinki, Finland called Linus Benedict Torvalds wrote Linux, a kernel for the 80386 processor, 32-bit processor intel CPU first in a collection that is suitable for PC.
Logo Linux is used or penguin Tux, the penguin as the logo used Torvald's story while strolling with his partner Andrew Tridgell (samba composer, a program that allows a UNIX machine including windows linux communicate with a network), suddenly Torvald pegged pingun and since then he had a fever for days. He thought that it was a suitable character
to represent Linux.
Linux can be found in a variety of distribution (often called distributions). Distro is a bundle of the Linux kernel, along with a basic Linux system, the installation program, basic tools, and other programs that are useful in accordance with the purpose of making distributions. There are so many Linux distributions, including: RedHat, Debian, Slackware, SuSE, Mandrake, WinLinux, Caldera, Turbo Linux and many other distros that are already available or will appear.
• Other Operating Systems
Actually there are many other operating systems exist, but less popular
rather than as above. Eg OS / 360 is used on IBM mainframe in 1964, CP / M (Control Program / Microprocessor) for computer bits, DOS (Disk Operating System) of IBM who later adopted Microsoft, Symbian, Novell Netware, Macintosh GUI-based first to Apple computers, and so on.
Application Software
Programming language. The programming language is the language used to program a computer, which is divided into three levels, namely language:
• low-level language (low level language), an example of machine language (machine language)
• intermediate level language (middle level language) example Assembler
• high-level language (high level language) example Pascal, C, Fortran, COBOL, BASIC, then yangberbasis XBase language, Visual, .NET, etc.
Application Package. Is a software application is a package with a special purpose. such as MS-Word, MS-Excel, Corel Draw, PhotoShop, and much more.
classification of Computers
I. Use of Computer Based Interest
Special-purpose Computer is a type of computer designed and used for the purposes of application to the specific problems that are usually only in the form of a single issue. Special-purpose Computer is a type of computer designed and used for the purposes of application to the specific problems that are usually only in the form of a single issue.
• General-Purpose Computer
used to solve various problems. Can be used to complete the program are manifold and different types of problems such as for word processing, graphics, games etc. Which include the type of computer is a digital computer PC (Personal Computer) that we use at home, office, or school. But there is also a kind of analog computers that are categorized as general-purpose.
II. Computer Based on the data processed
• Analog Computer. Used to process data that are sustainable and not the data is numeric, but in a physical form such as electric current, temperature, velocity, pressure, and so on. Excess analog computer is its ability to receive data in physical quantities and can directly measure the data without having to be converted first, so the process is faster. The output is usually in the form of a graph or dial shape. Examples of current scale in the form of electrical signals graphic images.
Digital Computer. Data in digital computer in the form of numbers or letters. Computers of this type typically used for business and engineering applications, such as PC computers commonly used by people. The advantages of digital computers are: Process data is more precise than an analog computer. Can store data for as long as required by the process. Can perform logic operations. The data that has been entered can be corrected and deleted. The resulting output can be a number, letter, graphic or image.
• Computer Hybrid.
Computers hybrid is a combination of analog and digital computers. Used in special applications, required computer faster than analog computers and more precise than a digital computer.
III. Computer Based on size and ability
Currently the physical size of the computer rather difficult as a benchmark for the ability or capacity. Because the size of the micro or even notebook computers today can exceed the capabilities of a mini-computer that existed around 1970. But we can do a comparison during the same generation. In addition to the physical form, the ability of the measured usually indicated on the capacity of the memory, the storage capacity of storage (hard drive), and the ability of the processor speed, as well as the physical size of the computer itself. For that differentiated into supercomputer (super computer), Computer Large (large computers), Computer Intermediate (midle computer), Small Computer (Small Computer), Computer Mini (mini computer), and Micro Computer (micro computer). The larger the size of the computer will be even greater amounts of memory, storage capacity, and the number of processors.
Perkembangan Perangkat Lunak (Software)
Konsep Software
Perangkat lunak (software) adalah perangkat abstrak
yang merupakan bagian utama selain hardware dari sistem komputer. Tanpa suatu
software, komputer adalah sebuah rongsokan elektronik, yang tidak berguna sama
sekali. Hardware komputer akan “hidup” dan memiliki fungsi jika digunakan
bersama-sama dengan software-nya.
Bentuk paling primitif dari Perangkat lunak adalah menggunakan
aljabar Boolean, yang direpresentasikan dalam binary digit (bit), yaitu
bernilai 1 (benar/on) atau 0 (salah/off), yang kemudian
dikelompokkan menjadi 4-bit (nible),
8-bit (byte), 16-bit (word), 32-bit (double word), 64-bit,
dan seterusnya. Dari dasar bilangan biner
itulah sebuah program assembler dibentuk untuk membuat software-software
yang lain. Jadi perangkat lunak yang ada hingga saat ini
konsep dasarnya dibentuk dari sebuah kode-kode biner yang kemudian di kemas
dalam sebuah bahasa mesin (machine
language), bahasa assembler, bahasa C, dan sebagainya, hingga menjadi software-software
yang mudah dimanfaatkan oleh pengguna
komputer.
Evolusi Perangkat Lunak
Evolusi perangkat
lunak secara garis besar dibedakan menjadi era sebelum adanya komputer dan setelah adanya
komputer.
• Era perangkat
lunak sebelum adanya komputer di bedakan menjadi dua era yaitu :
– Era primitif (+
300 SM), dimana perangkat lunak dibuat dengan melakukan petunjuk-petunjuk
sederhana dengan menggunakan kode-kode gerak sejenis semaphore.
– Era Mekanis (1840-an
– 1930-an) yang diterapkan pada peralatan Analytical Engine dan
pemakaian mesin kartu plong (punch card).
• Sedangkan era
perangkat lunak setelah adanya komputer yang berarti menggunakan teknologi elektronis dibedakan menjadi :
– Era Pioner (1940 – 1960), bentuk
perangkat lunak masih berupa sambungan- sambungan kabel ke antar bagian
komputer dan berbentuk kartu punch (plong). Ciri-ciri lain dari era
pioneer ini adalah masih menggunakan proses yang terkelompok (batch), distribusi
terbatas, dan diproduksi untuk keperluan khusus.
– Era Stabil (1960-1980), komputer
sudah diproduksi secara massal dan perangkat lunak sudah bisa menjalankan beberapa fungsi
proses secara serampak (multitasking). Ciri yang lain dapat digunakan
untuk menyelesaikan banyak pengguna (multi user) secara cepat dan
langsung (real time), produk software bisa digunakan secara terpisah, sudah
menggunakan sistem database.
– Era Mikro (1980 -1990) , perangkat
lunak diproduksi untuk kebutuhan komputer jaringan (networking) dan tersebar (distributed),
harganya murah sehingga banyak digunakan
untuk kebutan pribadi (home), bersifat automasi untuk kecerdasan buatan (artifical intelegent).
– Era Modern (1990 - ? ), memiliki ciri
perangkat lunak berbasis multimedia, desktop dan portable, berteknologi
objek, sistem pakar, pemrosesan paralel, dan dapat berkomunikasi jaringan global.
Perangkat Lunak Sistem Operasi
Jenis Software komputer dibagi menjadi software sistem
operasi dan aplikasi. Software Aplikasi
seperti bahasa pemrograman, software program aplikasi, software paket aplikasi,
software utilitas, serta software games dan multimedia.
Perangkat lunak Sistem operasi (operating
system/OS) mempunyai dua fungsi utama yakni: Pengelolaan seluruh sumber daya sistem
komputer (resource manager).
Mengelola seluruh sumber daya yang terdapat pada sistem komputer baik fisik seperti monitor,
processor, dan sebagainya, maupun non fisik (abstrak) yaitu data dan program.
Sistem operasi sebagai penyedia layanan (extended/virtual
machine) , yaitu sistem operasi
menyediakan sekumpulan layanan (disebut sistem call) ke pemakai sehingga memudahkan
dan menyamankan penggunaan dan
pemanfaatan sumber daya sistem komputer. yaitu sistem operasi menyediakan sekumpulan
layanan (disebut sistem call) ke
pemakai sehingga memudahkan dan menyamankan penggunaan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya sistem
komputer.
I. UNIX
1969 UNIX lahir pada PDP-7 ,1971 UNIX Versi 1, pada DEC PDP-11/20 , 1973
UNIX Versi 4, dalam bahasa C, dibentuk kelompok PWB (Programmer's Workbench) dan USG (UNIX Suport
Group) , 1974 UNIX Versi 5,
untuk pendidikan 1975 , UNIX Versi 6,
disebar ke litbang Universitas muncul versi BSD (Berkeley Software
Distributions) ,1979 UNIX Versi 7, portable dan dilengkapi dengan kompiler C dan Bourne Shell 1982 UNIX System III, Gabungan PWB dan
USG ,1983 UNIX System V, ditambahkan
versi BSD,
seperti vi dan C shell.
Perkembangan selanjutnya yang sampai saat
ini masih mendominasi pemakaian sistem operasi keturunan UNIX adalah dengan keluarnya:
Digital UNIX, HP-UX, IBM AIX, Sun Solaris, dan
lainnya. Sedangkan yang bersifat Proprietary (misalnya: DIGITAL
OpenVMS, IBM OS/400, SGI
IRIX, dan lainnya).
II. LINUX
Linux adalah sebuah program (sistem operasi) open
source yang gratis dibawah lisensi GNU, sistem beroperasi pada 32-64 bit,
yang merupakan turunan dari UNIX dan
dapat dijalankan pada berbagai macam platform hardware mulai dari Intel (x86) hingga prosesor RISC. GNU (GNU's
Not Unix, GNU Bukan Unix).
Beberapa alasan
yang menjadikan sistem operasi Linux sangat terkenal pada saat ini
adalah :
• Bisa didapatkan
secara gratis, dan di-support untuk pengembanan bebas di internet oleh siapapun. Bandingkan dengan harga
software-software milik Microsoft, windows misalnya harganya selangit.
• Fitur-fiturnya
semakin lengkap, dengan tampilan yang windows-oriented (GUI) sehingga semakin mudah digunakan (user friendly).
• Berjalan di berbagai platform termasuk
Intel.
• Di Dukung
software program dan utilitas yang semakin lengkap.
• Dapat
berinteroperasi secara baik dengan sistem operasi yang lain, termasuk Apple,
Microsoft dan Novell.
• bersifat multi
user, multi tasking, dan internet base.
• sistem
keamanan jaringan dan data yang lebih
baik.
• Berjalan pada sistem arsitektur 16/32-bit.
• Banyak variant
dari Linux, sehingga kita bisa leluasa memilihnya.
• Karena merupakan
sistem operasi bebas dan dukungan para penggemar linux, linux berkembang sangat
cepat apalagi bangsa-bangsa dinegara
maju seperti eropa hampir kebanyakan memanfaatkan Linux dibanding windows.
Sejarah Linux itu sendiridimulai pada tahun 1991, ketika
mahasiswa Universitas Helsinki, Finlandia bernama Linus Benedict Torvalds menulis
Linux, sebuah kernel untuk prosesor 80386, prosesor 32-bit pertama dalam kumpulan CPU intel yang cocok untuk PC. Logo
Linux yang digunakan adalah Tux atau
penguin, digunakan penguin sebagai logo
ceritanya saat Torvald berjalan- jalan dengan rekannya Andrew
Tridgell (penyusun samba,
yaitu sebuah program yang memungkinkan mesin
UNIX termasuk linux berkomunikasi dengan windows dalam sebuah jaringan), tiba-tiba Torvald
dipatok pingun, dan semenjak itu
ia mengalami demam berhari-hari. Dia
berpikir, bahwa karakter itu yang cocok untuk mewakili Linux.
Linux bisa didapatkan dalam berbagai distribusi (sering disebut Distro). Distro adalah bundel
dari kernel Linux, beserta sistem dasar linux, program instalasi, tools
basic, dan program-program lain yang
bermanfaat sesuai dengan tujuan pembuatan distro. Ada banyak
sekali distro Linux, diantaranya :RedHat,
Debian, Slackware, SuSE, Mandrake, WinLinux, Caldera, Turbo
Linux dan masih banyak
distro-distro lainnya yang telah tersedia maupun yang akan muncul.
• Sistem Operasi Lain
Sebenarnya masih banyak sistem operasi lain yang ada, namun
kurang begitu populer
dibanding seperti diatas. Misalnya OS/360 yang digunakan
pada komputer IBM mainframe tahun 1964, CP/M (Control Program/Microprocessor)
untuk komputer bit, DOS (Disk
Operating System) milik IBM yang kemudian diadopsi Microsoft, Symbian,
Novell Netware, Machintos berbasis GUI
pertama kali untuk komputer Apple, dan
sebagainya.
Perangkat Lunak Aplikasi
Bahasa Pemrograman. Bahasa pemrograman adalah bahasa yang digunakan untuk
memprogram komputer, yang dibagi
menjadi tiga level bahasa yaitu :
·
bahasa tingkat rendah (low level language),
contoh bahasa mesin (machine
language)
·
bahasa tingkat menengah (middle level
language) contoh Assembler
·
bahasa tingkat tinggi (high level language)
contoh Pascal, C, Fortran, COBOL, BASIC, kemudian bahasa yangberbasis
XBase, Visual, .NET, dll.
Paket Aplikasi. Merupakan software aplikasi yang berupa paket dengan tujuan khusus. seperti
MS-Word, MS-Excel, Corel Draw, PhotoShop, dan masih banyak lagi.
Klasifikasi Komputer
I. Komputer Berdasarkan Tujuan Pemakaian
Special-purpose Computer merupakan jenis komputer yang dirancang dan
digunakan untuk tujuan-tujuan pemakaian
pada masalah khusus yang biasanya hanya berupa satu masalah saja. Special-purpose Computer merupakan jenis
komputer yang dirancang dan digunakan untuk tujuan-tujuan pemakaian pada masalah khusus yang biasanya hanya berupa satu masalah saja.
• General-Purpose
Computer
digunakan untuk menyelesaikan berbagai masalah. Dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan program yang bermacam-macam dan jenis permasalahan yang berbeda seperti
untuk pengolah kata, grafis, permainan
dan lain- lain Yang termasuk jenis komputer
ini adalah komputer digital PC (Personal
Computer) yang biasa kita pakai dirumah, dikantor, atau disekolah. Namun ada juga komputer jenis analog yang tergolong general-purpose.
II. Komputer Berdasarkan data yang Diolah
• Komputer Analog.
Digunakan untuk mengolah data yang sifatnya
berkelanjutan dan bukan data yang berupa angka, melainkan dalam bentuk
pisik seperti arus listrik, temperatur, kecepatan, tekanan dan
sebagainya. Kelebihan komputer analog adalah kemampuannya untuk menerima
data dalam besaran fisik dan dapat
langsung mengukur data tersebut tanpa harus dikonversi dulu sehingga prosesnya lebih cepat. Keluarannya
biasanya berupa grafik atau bentuk dial.
Contoh besaran pada arus listrik yang berupa gambar-gambar grafik sinyal .
Komputer Digital. Data dalam komputer digital berupa
angka atau huruf. Komputer jenis ini
biasanya digunakan untuk aplikasi bisnis dan teknik, contohnya komputer PC yang umum
digunakan orang. Keunggulan komputer digital adalah : Proses data lebih tepat dibandingkan komputer
analog. Dapat menyimpan data selama
masih dibutuhkan oleh proses. Dapat melakukan operasi logika. Data yang telah
dimasukkan dapat dikoreksi dan dihapus. Output yang dihasilkan dapat berupa
angka, huruf, grafik atau gambar.
• Komputer Hybrid.
Komputer hybrid merupakan
kombinasi komputer analog dan digital. Digunakan pada aplikasi khusus, diperlukan
komputer yang lebih cepat daripada komputer
analog dan lebih tepat daripada komputer digital.
III. Komputer Berdasarkan Ukuran dan Kemampuannya
Saat ini ukuran fisik komputer agak sulit dijadikan patokan atas kemampuan atau kapasitasnya.
Sebab ukuran komputer mikro atau bahkan Notebook saat
ini bisa melebihi kemampuan dari mini komputer yang ada sekitar tahun 1970-an. Namun kita bisa
melakukan perbandingan pada masa
generasi yang sama. Selain bentuk
fisiknya, kemampuan yang diukur biasanya ditunjukkan atas kemampuan kapasitas memori,
kapasitas penyimpanan storage (harddisk),
dan kemampuan laju prosesornya, serta
ukuran fisik komputer itu sendiri. Untuk itu dibedakan menjadi Komputer Super (super
computer), Komputer Besar (large computer), Komputer Menengah (midle computer), Komputer Kecil (Small
Computer), Komputer Mini (mini computer), dan Komputer Mikro (micro
computer). Semakin besar ukuran komputer akan semakin besar jumlah memori, kapasitas penyimpan, dan
jumlah prosesornya.
CONCEPT OF COMPUTER
Many opinions about the definition of the word "kumputer", which later evolved to the definition of computer systems, computer science, and information technology. The term of the computer itself comes from the Latin computare means "count" (to compute or reckon).
In light of the LANGUAGES:
According to Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, said the computer contained in the use of English in 1646 as the word for "people who count", then before 1897 are also defined for a machine that can count. In French the word computer, called the term "ordinateur", which means roughly "organizer", or "sorting machine". In Spain called "ordenador", with the same meaning, although in some countries used the word anglicism Computadora.
In Italian, the computer is "calcolatore", calculator, using computasional pressed behind logical like sorting. In Swedish, a computer is called "dator" from "data", which in the 1950s, named "matematikmaskin" (machine mathematics). In Chinese, a computer is called "dian now" or an "electric brain". Oxford English Dictionary (OED2), 2nd Edition, defines the computer is a device used for calculations or control operations expressed in numerical form or logic.
VIEWS FROM THE EXPERTS:
• According V.C. Hamacher in his book "Computer Organization", the computer is an electronic calculating machine that is fast and can receive digital input information, then process them in accordance with programs stored in memory, and generate output information.
• According to Robert H. Blissmer (1985), in his book "Computer Annual", the computer is an electronic instrument that can perform several tasks as follows:
- Receive input
- Process input earlier in accordance with the program
- Keep the commandments and the results of processing
- Provides output in the form of information.
Whereas William M. Fuori in his book "Introduction To The Computer, The Tool Of Business", argues that the computer is a data processor that can perform large calculations quickly, including arithmetic and logic operations, without intervention from humans.
According to Sanders (1985), the computer is an electronic system to manipulate data quickly and accurately as well as designed and organized in order to automatically receive and store input data, process it, and produce output based instruksi- isntruksi already stored in memory.
From the above definition, it can be concluded:
Electronic computer is set to receive input (input), and then do the processing (process) to produce an output (output) in the form of information.
The computer system is a collection of computer elements (hardware, software, brain ware) which relate saline (integrated) and interacting to perform data processing with the aim of producing information as expected.
Computer Device Overview The main device
Step between one stage to the next stage in the hardware (hardware), controlled by the user (brainware), using a specific operation in the form of software (software) computer. Phase that occurs is data that has been obtained and collected are then entered by the user or users (brain ware) on the input device (input devices), then with a certain method of data that are input-kan processed or processed by the process (process devices) and subsequent information generated by the output device (output devices).
• Another thing related to computer terms
is an Information Technology (IT), but has become
general definition that the term information technology identical
with computers.
• At the core terms of Information Technology (Information
Many opinions about the definition of the word "kumputer", which later evolved to the definition of computer systems, computer science, and information technology. The term of the computer itself comes from the Latin computare means "count" (to compute or reckon).
In light of the LANGUAGES:
According to Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, said the computer contained in the use of English in 1646 as the word for "people who count", then before 1897 are also defined for a machine that can count. In French the word computer, called the term "ordinateur", which means roughly "organizer", or "sorting machine". In Spain called "ordenador", with the same meaning, although in some countries used the word anglicism Computadora.
In Italian, the computer is "calcolatore", calculator, using computasional pressed behind logical like sorting. In Swedish, a computer is called "dator" from "data", which in the 1950s, named "matematikmaskin" (machine mathematics). In Chinese, a computer is called "dian now" or an "electric brain". Oxford English Dictionary (OED2), 2nd Edition, defines the computer is a device used for calculations or control operations expressed in numerical form or logic.
VIEWS FROM THE EXPERTS:
• According V.C. Hamacher in his book "Computer Organization", the computer is an electronic calculating machine that is fast and can receive digital input information, then process them in accordance with programs stored in memory, and generate output information.
• According to Robert H. Blissmer (1985), in his book "Computer Annual", the computer is an electronic instrument that can perform several tasks as follows:
- Receive input
- Process input earlier in accordance with the program
- Keep the commandments and the results of processing
- Provides output in the form of information.
Whereas William M. Fuori in his book "Introduction To The Computer, The Tool Of Business", argues that the computer is a data processor that can perform large calculations quickly, including arithmetic and logic operations, without intervention from humans.
According to Sanders (1985), the computer is an electronic system to manipulate data quickly and accurately as well as designed and organized in order to automatically receive and store input data, process it, and produce output based instruksi- isntruksi already stored in memory.
From the above definition, it can be concluded:
Electronic computer is set to receive input (input), and then do the processing (process) to produce an output (output) in the form of information.
The computer system is a collection of computer elements (hardware, software, brain ware) which relate saline (integrated) and interacting to perform data processing with the aim of producing information as expected.
Computer Device Overview The main device
Step between one stage to the next stage in the hardware (hardware), controlled by the user (brainware), using a specific operation in the form of software (software) computer. Phase that occurs is data that has been obtained and collected are then entered by the user or users (brain ware) on the input device (input devices), then with a certain method of data that are input-kan processed or processed by the process (process devices) and subsequent information generated by the output device (output devices).
• Another thing related to computer terms
is an Information Technology (IT), but has become
general definition that the term information technology identical
with computers.
• At the core terms of Information Technology (Information
KONSEP KOMPUTER
Banyak pendapat tentang definisi dari kata “kumputer”,
yang nantinya berkembang pada definisi
tentang sistem komputer, ilmu komputer, dan teknologi Informasi. Istilah dari
komputer itu sendiri berasal dari bahasa
latin computare yang mengandung arti “menghitung” (to compute
atau reckon).
DIPANDANG DARI SISI BAHASA :
Menurut Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology,
kata komputer terdapat ke dalam
penggunaan dalam bahasa Inggris pada tahun 1646 sebagai kata bagi "orang
yang menghitung", kemudian menjelang 1897 juga didefinisikan untuk
mesin yang bisa menghitung. Dalam bahasa Perancis kata komputer, disebut
sebagai istilah "ordinateur", yang berarti kira-kira "organisator",
atau "memisahkan mesin". Di Spanyol disebut "ordenador",
dengan arti sama, walaupun di beberapa negara
digunakan kata anglicism computadora.
Dalam bahasa Itali, komputer ialah "calcolatore",
kalkulator, menekankannya computasional
menggunakan di balik yang logis seperti penyortiran. Dalam bahasa Swedia,
komputer dipanggil "dator" dari "data", yang pada
era tahun 1950-an, diberinama "matematikmaskin" (mesin
matematika). Dalam Bahasa Cina, komputer dipanggil "dian now"
atau suatu "otak listrik". Oxford English Dictionary (OED2),
edisi ke 2, mendefinisaikan Komputer adalah suatu perangkat yang digunakan untuk
perhitungan atau mengendalikan
operasi-operasi yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk numeriK atau logika.
PANDANGAN DARI PARA AHLI :
• Menurut V.C.
Hamacher dalam bukunya “Computer Organization” , komputer adalah mesin penghitung elektronik
yang cepat dan dapat menerima informasi
input digital, kemudian memprosesnya sesuai dengan program yang tersimpan di memorinya,
dan menghasilkan output berupa
informasi.
• Menurut Robert
H. Blissmer (1985), dalam bukunya “Computer Annual”, komputer adalah suatu alat
elektonik yang mampu melakukan beberapa
tugas sebagai berikut:
-
menerima input
-
memproses input tadi sesuai dengan programnya
-
menyimpan perintah-perintah dan hasil dari pengolahan
-
menyediakan output dalam bentuk informasi.
Sedangan William M. Fuori dalam bukunya “Introduction
To The Computer, The Tool Of
Business”, berpendapat bahwa komputer adalah suatu pemroses data yang dapat melakukan
perhitungan besar secara cepat, termasuk
perhitungan aritmetika dan operasi logika, tanpa campur tangan dari manusia.
Menurut Sanders (1985), komputer adalah sistem
elektronik untuk memanipulasi data yang cepat dan tepat serta dirancang dan diorganisasikan agar secara otomatis menerima
dan menyimpan data input, memprosesnya, dan menghasilkan output berdasarkan
instruksi- isntruksi yang telah tersimpan dalam memori.
Dari definisi diatas, maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan:
Komputer adalah seperangkat elektronik yang dapat menerima masukan (input), dan
selanjutnya melakukan pengolahan (process)
untuk menghasilkan keluaran (output)
berupa informasi.
Sistem komputer adalah kumpulan dari elemen-elemen
komputer (Hardware,
software,brainware) yang salin berhubungan (terintegrasi) dan saling
berinteraksi untuk melakukan pengolahan
data dengan tujuan menghasilkan informasi
sesuai dengan yang diharapkan.
Gambaran
Perangkat Komputer Perangkat utama
Langkah antara tahap satu
ke tahap berikutnya pada perangkat keras (hardware), dikendalikan oleh pemakai (brainware),
menggunakan operasi tertentu berupa perangkat lunak (software)
komputer. Tahap yang terjadi adalah data yang telah didapatkan dan
dikumpulkan selanjutnya dimasukkan oleh pemakai atau pengguna (brainware)
pada perangkat input (input devices), kemudian dengan metode tertentu
data yang di-input-kan diolah atau diproses oleh perangkat proses (process
devices) dan selanjutnya dihasilkan informasi oleh perangkat keluaran (output
devices).
• Hal lain yang
berhubungan dengan istilah komputer
adalah
Teknologi Informasi (TI), namun sudah menjadi
definisi
umum bahwa istilah teknologi informasi identik
dengan
komputer.
• Pada intinya
istilah Teknologi Informasi (Information
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