Software development (Software)

Software development (Software)

concept Software
Software (software) is an abstract device which is the main part other than the hardware of the computer system. Without a software, the computer is an electronic junk, which is not useful at all. Computer hardware will be "live" and have a function if used together with its software.

The most primitive form of the software is to use Boolean algebra, which is represented in binary digits (bits), which is 1 (true / on) or 0 (false / off), which are then grouped into 4-bit (nible), 8-bit (byte), 16-bit (word), 32-bit (double word), 64-bit, and so on. From the bottom of the binary number that is an assembler program was established to create other software. So the software that exists today the concept is essentially formed from a binary code which is then packed in a machine language (machine language), assembler language, C, and so on, to be the software that is easily exploited by computer users ,

Evolution Software
Evolution software is broadly divided into an era before the advent of computers and after the advent of computers.

• The era of software before their computers to differentiate into two eras, namely:
- The era of primitive (+ 300 BC), in which the software is made by performing these simple guidelines using codes similar motion semaphore.
- Mechanical Era (1840s - 1930s) is applied to the user equipment and the Analytical Engine plong card machine (punch card).

• While the software after the era of the computer means using electronic technology can be divided into:
- Pioneer Era (1940 - 1960), is still a form of software conn cable connections to the computer and shaped cross-section of the punch card (plong). Other characteristics of the pioneer era are still using clustered process (batch), limited distribution, and produced for special purposes.
- Stable Era (1960-1980), has been mass produced computer and software can run multiple processes serampak function (multitasking). Other features that can be used to solve many users (multi-user) quickly and directly (real time), software products can be used independently, are already using the system database.
- Micro Era (1980 -1990), the software produced for the needs of computer networks (networking) and dispersed (distributed), the price is cheap so it is widely used for personal kebutan (home), is automation for artificial intelligence (artifical intelligent).
- Modern Era (1990 -?), Has the characteristics of a software-based multimedia, desktop and portable, object technology, expert systems, parallel processing, and can communicate global network.
Operating System Software
Type of computer software is divided into software operating systems and applications. Software applications such as programming languages, application software program, software application package, software utilities, as well as games and multimedia software. System software (operating system / OS) has two main functions, namely: Management of the entire computer system resources (resource manager). Managing all the resources contained in the computer system whether physical such as monitors, processors, and so on, and non-physical (abstract) that data and programs. The operating system as a service provider (extended / virtual machine), the operating system provides a set of services (called the system call) to the user, making it easier and soothes the use and utilization of computer system resources. ie operating system provides a set of services (called the system call) to the user, making it easier and soothes the use and utilization of computer system resources.

I. UNIX
1969 UNIX was born on a PDP-7, 1971 UNIX Version 1, on a DEC PDP-11/20, 1973 UNIX Version 4, in C language, formed a group PWB (Programmer's Workbench) and USG (UNIX Suport Group), 1974 UNIX Version 5, for education in 1975, UNIX version 6, distributed to R & D University appeared versions of BSD (Berkeley Software Distributions), 1979 UNIX version 7, portable and comes with a C compiler and Bourne Shell 1982 UNIX System III, Joint PWB and USG, 1983 UNIX System V, written version of BSD, like vi and C shell. Subsequent developments which until now still dominate the use of the operating system UNIX descent is by issuing:
Digital UNIX, HP-UX, IBM AIX, Sun Solaris, and others. While that is Proprietary (eg: DIGITAL OpenVMS, IBM OS / 400, SGI IRIX, and others).

II. LINUX
Linux is a program (operating system) a free open source under the GNU license, the system operates at 32-64 bits, which is a derivative of UNIX and can run on a variety of hardware platforms ranging from Intel (x86) to a RISC processor. GNU (GNU's Not Unix, GNU's not Unix).
Some of the reasons that make the Linux operating system is very popular at the moment is:
• Can be obtained free of charge, and are supported for pengembanan freely on the internet by anyone. Compare the price of Microsoft's software, windows eg exorbitant price.
• Features more complete, with display windows-oriented (GUI) so it's easier to use (user friendly).
• Runs on various platforms, including Intel.
• In Support software programs and utilities are more complete.
• Can interoperate well with other operating systems, including Apple, Microsoft and Novell.
• multi-user, multi-tasking, and internet base.
• network security systems and better data.
• Walk on the system architecture 16/32-bit.
• Many variants of Linux, so that we can freely choose.
• Because it is a free operating system and support the fans linux,
linux is growing very rapidly especially nations in developed countries such as Europe almost most utilizing Linux than Windows.
Linux was sendiridimulai history in 1991, when the students of the University of Helsinki, Finland called Linus Benedict Torvalds wrote Linux, a kernel for the 80386 processor, 32-bit processor intel CPU first in a collection that is suitable for PC.

Logo Linux is used or penguin Tux, the penguin as the logo used Torvald's story while strolling with his partner Andrew Tridgell (samba composer, a program that allows a UNIX machine including windows linux communicate with a network), suddenly Torvald pegged pingun and since then he had a fever for days. He thought that it was a suitable character
to represent Linux.

Linux can be found in a variety of distribution (often called distributions). Distro is a bundle of the Linux kernel, along with a basic Linux system, the installation program, basic tools, and other programs that are useful in accordance with the purpose of making distributions. There are so many Linux distributions, including: RedHat, Debian, Slackware, SuSE, Mandrake, WinLinux, Caldera, Turbo Linux and many other distros that are already available or will appear.

• Other Operating Systems
Actually there are many other operating systems exist, but less popular
rather than as above. Eg OS / 360 is used on IBM mainframe in 1964, CP / M (Control Program / Microprocessor) for computer bits, DOS (Disk Operating System) of IBM who later adopted Microsoft, Symbian, Novell Netware, Macintosh GUI-based first to Apple computers, and so on.
Application Software

Programming language. The programming language is the language used to program a computer, which is divided into three levels, namely language:
• low-level language (low level language), an example of machine language (machine language)
• intermediate level language (middle level language) example Assembler
• high-level language (high level language) example Pascal, C, Fortran, COBOL, BASIC, then yangberbasis XBase language, Visual, .NET, etc.
Application Package. Is a software application is a package with a special purpose. such as MS-Word, MS-Excel, Corel Draw, PhotoShop, and much more.

classification of Computers

I. Use of Computer Based Interest
Special-purpose Computer is a type of computer designed and used for the purposes of application to the specific problems that are usually only in the form of a single issue. Special-purpose Computer is a type of computer designed and used for the purposes of application to the specific problems that are usually only in the form of a single issue.

• General-Purpose Computer
used to solve various problems. Can be used to complete the program are manifold and different types of problems such as for word processing, graphics, games etc. Which include the type of computer is a digital computer PC (Personal Computer) that we use at home, office, or school. But there is also a kind of analog computers that are categorized as general-purpose.
II. Computer Based on the data processed

• Analog Computer. Used to process data that are sustainable and not the data is numeric, but in a physical form such as electric current, temperature, velocity, pressure, and so on. Excess analog computer is its ability to receive data in physical quantities and can directly measure the data without having to be converted first, so the process is faster. The output is usually in the form of a graph or dial shape. Examples of current scale in the form of electrical signals graphic images.
Digital Computer. Data in digital computer in the form of numbers or letters. Computers of this type typically used for business and engineering applications, such as PC computers commonly used by people. The advantages of digital computers are: Process data is more precise than an analog computer. Can store data for as long as required by the process. Can perform logic operations. The data that has been entered can be corrected and deleted. The resulting output can be a number, letter, graphic or image.

• Computer Hybrid.
Computers hybrid is a combination of analog and digital computers. Used in special applications, required computer faster than analog computers and more precise than a digital computer.

III. Computer Based on size and ability
Currently the physical size of the computer rather difficult as a benchmark for the ability or capacity. Because the size of the micro or even notebook computers today can exceed the capabilities of a mini-computer that existed around 1970. But we can do a comparison during the same generation. In addition to the physical form, the ability of the measured usually indicated on the capacity of the memory, the storage capacity of storage (hard drive), and the ability of the processor speed, as well as the physical size of the computer itself. For that differentiated into supercomputer (super computer), Computer Large (large computers), Computer Intermediate (midle computer), Small Computer (Small Computer), Computer Mini (mini computer), and Micro Computer (micro computer). The larger the size of the computer will be even greater amounts of memory, storage capacity, and the number of processors.